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ISO 683-1 C45 Grade Steel – Normalized or Normalized Formed (N)

Steel C45 is suitable for medium loaded components in vehicle manufacturing, engine and machine engineering (e.g. gear shafts, gear wheels, clutch parts).

Properties

General

PropertyTemperatureValueConditionRelated StandardsShape

Density

20 °C

7.8 g/cm³

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

7.8 - 7.85 g/cm³

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

7.85 g/cm³

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Mechanical

PropertyTemperatureValueConditionRelated StandardsShapeComment

Elastic modulus

-100 °C

217 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

210 - 212 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

210 - 210.1 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

210 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

210.1 - 212 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

210.1 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

212 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

205.0 - 207 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

205 - 207 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

205.0 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

205 - 205.0 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

205 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

207 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

195 - 199 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

195 - 198.8 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

195 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

198.8 - 199 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

198.8 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

199 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

185 - 192 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

185 - 191.4 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

185 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

191.4 - 192 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

191.4 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

192 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

175 - 184 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

175 - 183.2 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

175 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

183.2 - 184 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

183.2 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

184 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

173.2 - 175 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

173.2 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

175 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

164 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Elongation

12.8 %

Predicted Value, Transverse

15.9 %

Predicted Value, A80

17.7 %

Predicted Value, A80 Transverse

17.7 %

Predicted Value, A200

19.7 %

Predicted Value, A50

20.4 %

Predicted Value, A5

20 °C

14 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

16 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Poisson's ratio

20 °C

0.281 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

0.281 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

0.29 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

0.291 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

0.295 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

0.297 [-]

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Shear modulus

20 °C

81 - 82.0 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

81 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

82.0 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

80.0 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

77.1 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

74.2 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

70.8 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

66.7 GPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Tensile strength

20 °C

560 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

580 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

620 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Yield strength

256.5 MPa

Predicted Value, RP1

314.3 MPa

Predicted Value, RP1 Transverse

315.6 MPa

Predicted Value, RP05

317.8 MPa

Predicted Value, Transverse

414.5 MPa

Predicted Value, RP02

462.4 MPa

Predicted Value, RP002

464.2 MPa

Predicted Value, RP02 Transverse

20 °C

275 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

305 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

340 MPa

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Thermal

PropertyTemperatureValueConditionRelated StandardsShapeComment

Coefficient of thermal expansion

-100 °C

1.08e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

1.19e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

1.11e-05 - 1.25e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

1.11e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

1.25e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

1.21e-05 - 1.3e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

1.21e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

1.3e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

1.29e-05 - 1.36e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

1.29e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

1.36e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

1.35e-05 - 1.41e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

1.35e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

1.41e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

1.45e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

1.49e-05 1/K

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Max service temperature

-25 - 480 °C

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Sheet, Strip, Flat, Bar, Forging

Long

500 °C

Typical for Carbon Steel

Melting point

1380 - 1514 °C

Typical for Medium Carbon Steel

Specific heat capacity

-100 °C

423 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

461 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

461 - 480 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

480 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

479 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

479 - 500 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

500 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

499 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

499 - 550 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

550 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

517 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

517 - 590 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

590 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

536 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

558 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

587 J/(kg·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Thermal conductivity

20 °C

41.7 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

41.7 - 52 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

52 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

43.4 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

43.4 - 50.6 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

50.6 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

43.2 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

43.2 - 48.1 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

48.1 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

41.4 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

41.4 - 45.7 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

45.7 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

39.1 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

36.7 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

34.1 W/(m·K)

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Thermal diffusivity

20 °C

11.6 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

11.3 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

10.5 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

9.5 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

8.3 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

7.1 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

5.8 mm²/s

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Electrical

PropertyTemperatureValueConditionRelated StandardsShape

Electrical resistivity

20 °C

1.2e-07 - 2.5e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

1.2e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

20 °C

2.5e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

100 °C

2.95e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

200 °C

3.65e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

300 °C

4.53e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

400 °C

5.56e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

500 °C

6.74e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

600 °C

8.13e-07 Ω·m

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Chemical properties

PropertyValueConditionRelated StandardsShape

Carbon

0.42 - 0.5 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Chromium

0.4 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Copper

0.3 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Manganese

0.5 - 0.8 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Molybdenum

0.1 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Nickel

0.4 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Phosphorus

0.045 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Silicon

0.1 - 0.4 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

0.4 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

EN 10083-2, ISO 683-1, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Sulfur

0.045 %

normalized or normalized formed (+N)

ISO 683-1, EN 10083-2, EN 10083-1

Bar, wire, Flat, Sheet, Strip, Forging

Technological properties

Property
Supplier Disclaimer

The given information is a rough description and some properties can depend on various factors such as product thickness. Please contact the supplier or refer to the related norm or standard for further information.


Metal

  1. EN 10225 S355G7 Steel – Normalized or Normalized Formed (N) for Superior Workability and Weldability
  2. EN 10225 S355G8 Steel – Normalized or Normalized-Formed (+N) Grade
  3. DIN 2394-2: Grade St 28 Steel – Normalized & Normalized Formed (+N) Properties
  4. EN 10297-1 Grade C45: Normalized & Normalized Formed Steel Properties
  5. DIN 17200 Grade C45 – Normalized or Normalized‑Formed Steel for Automotive & Machinery Applications
  6. ISO 683-1 Grade C22E – Normalized & Normalized Formed Steel for Heavy Forged Parts
  7. ISO 683-1 Grade C45E: Normalized & Formed Steel for Heavy‑Duty Applications
  8. EN 10216-2 Grade St 45.8: High‑Temperature Normalized Tube Steel (+N) for Seamless Tubes
  9. EN 10217-2 Grade St 37.8: High‑Temperature Normalized Tube Steel for Industrial Use
  10. EN 10217‑2 Grade St 42.8 Tube Steel – High‑Temperature Normalized Formed for Vessels & Petrochemical Use