What is Radiography? Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical radiography (“diagnostic” and “therapeutic”) and industrial radiogra

What is Material Engineering? New materials are among the greatest achievements of all time and have been central to human growth, prosperity, security, and quality of life of humans since the beginning of history. It is always new materials that open the door to new technologies, be it in c

What is Metal Casting? Metal casting is defined as the process in which molten metal is poured into a mould that contains a hollow cavity of a desired geometrical shape and allowed to cool down to form a solidified part. The term ‘casting’ is also used to describe the part made by the castin

What is Sheet Metal? Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses

What are Materials Properties? A material’s property is an intensive property of some material, i.e., a physical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be comp

Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram The iron-carbon phase diagram is widely used to understand the different phases of steel and cast iron. Both steel and cast iron are a mix of iron and carbon. Also, both alloys contain a small number of trace elements. The graph is quite complex but since we are

What is Heat Treatment? Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals, using specific predetermined methods to obtain desired properties. Both ferrous, as well as non-ferrous metals, undergo heat treatment before putting them to use. Over time, a lot of different methods hav

What is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is a group of iron-based alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting and also provides heat-resistant properties. Specific types of stainless steel are often designated by a three-digi

Structure of Graphite Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which: each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. the carbon atoms form layers with a hexagonal arrangement of atoms. the layers have weak forces between them. Graphite has a layer structure th

What is Carburizing? Carburizing is a case hardening process in which carbon diffuses into the surface layer of a steel part at a temperature high enough to change the steel grain structure. This change enables the steel to absorb carbon. The result is a wear-resistant layer that makes carbu

What is an Adhesive Bonding? Adhesive Bonding is the process of joining two surfaces together, usually with the creation of a smooth bond. This may involve the use of glue, epoxy, or one of a wide range of plastic agents which bond either through the evaporation of a solvent or through curin

What is Resilience? Resilience means that the capability of a body to consume energy, when in the elastic limit and they will withstand and come back to their original position from difficult conditions. Due to resilience property, without having permanent deformation a material can store

What is Ductility? Ductility is a capacity of a material to deform permanently (e.g., stretch, bend, or spread) in response to stress. Most common steels, for example, are quite ductile and hence can accommodate local stress concentrations. Brittle materials, such as glass, cannot accommo

What is Galvanization? Galvanization or galvanizing is the process of applying a protective layer of zinc to steel or iron to prevent rust. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are immersed in a bath of molten hot zinc. Galvanization is one of the most widely

What is Cast Iron? Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2 to 4 percent. In addition, varying amounts of silicon from 1 to 3% by weight and manganese as well as traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. Cast iron is made by reducing Iron Ore

What is Graphite? Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a soft, crystalline form of carbon with its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. Graphite is a naturally occurring form of crystalline carbon. It is a native element mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Graphi

Chromium is a mineral. It is called an “essential trace element” because very small amounts of chromium are necessary for human health. There are two forms of chromium. Trivalent chromium is found in foods and supplements and is safe for humans. The other form, hexavalent chromium, is a known t

Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which: each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds. the carbon atoms form layers with a hexagonal arrangement of atoms. the layers have weak forces between them. Also, graphite has the following properties Physical Prope

Graphite has a wide variety of almost contradictory uses. An allotrope of carbon and one of the world’s softest minerals, its uses range from writing implements to lubricants. It can be made into a one-atom-thick cylinder of graphene that is a super-strength material used in sports equipmen

What is a Steel? Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion– and oxidation-resistant nee