Cleaning of Blast Furnace GasThe process of liquid iron production in the blast furnace (BF) generates gas at the furnace top which is an important by-product of the BF process. This top gas of the blast furnace is at the temperature and pressure existing at the BF top and usually contaminated with

Air Blast System for Blast FurnaceA blast furnace (BF) produces liquid iron (hot metal) by the reduction of ore burden with reducing gases. The reducing gases are produced by the reaction of oxygen with coke and coal. This oxygen is part of enriched hot air blast which is blown and distributed at th

Handling of Hot Metal in Blast Furnace Iron Making Hot metal (HM) is produced by the reduction of descending ore burden by the ascending reducing gases in a blast furnace (BF). It is liquid in nature and gets collected in the hearth of the BF. From the hearth, the HM is tapped from the taphole of th

Developments of Steelmaking ProcessesThe earliest known production of steel are pieces of ironware excavated from an archaeological site in Anatolia and are nearly 4,000 years old, dating from 1800 BCE (before common era). Horace identified steel weapons like the falcata in the Iberian Peninsula, wh

Historical aspects of the Continuous Casting and related Technologies for SteelContinuous casting (CC) technology of steel, as a method of solidification processing of liquid steel has a relatively short history —not much longer than oxygen steelmaking. Different to other processes in steel producti

Continuous casting of steel billetsContinuous casting of steel is a process in which liquid steel is continuously solidified into a strand of metal. Depending on the dimensions of the strand, these semi-finished products are called slabs, blooms or billets. Steel billet has a square cross section wi

Important Aspects of Continuous Casting of BilletsContinuous casting of steel billets is an operation which is sensitive to a number of factors. It is to be performed with adequate controls and with steadiness and in such a way so as to produce safe casting product with sound steel mechanical proper

Importance of Hearth, Dead man and Tapping in Blast Furnace Operation A trend of deterioration in ore quality is seen these days with the increasing demand for iron ore. The deterioration in ore quality is accompanied with higher quantities of slag which in turn affects burden descent and liquid flo

Development of the Technology of Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Development of the steelmaking technology takes place for meeting of a number of requirements. These requirements can be classified into four groups as given below.The technology has to meet the process requirements needed for produci

Blast Furnace Cast House EquipmentsThe cast house floor of a blast furnace has always been one of the most dangerous working places in a blast furnace. Apart from working in an atmosphere which includes toxic gases, fumes, and dust, the operators have to perform hard and heavy manual work close to h

Blast Furnace Tuyeres and Tuyere StocksThe blast furnace (BF) has the objective of extracting the hot metal (liquid iron) from iron ore lump, sinter and/or pellet, coke and injected fuel. This objective is achieved by passing a hot enriched air flow (hot blast air) through the ore and coke burden wh

Salamander Tapping for Capital Repairs of Blast Furnace A salamander means all liquid and solidified materials in the hearth of a blast furnace below the tap hole. The salamander includes liquid iron and slag and mixtures of solid iron, slag and coke/carbon. During the normal operation of the blast

Capital Repairs of a Blast FurnaceCapital repairs of a blast furnace are those repairs which are taken up after the end of a campaign of the blast furnace. During the capital repairs the main jobs which are normally taken up are (i) relining of the furnace, (iii) repairs of the damaged portion of th

Quality of Lime for Steelmaking in ConverterLime is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 2572 deg C. It is a basic oxide and is used to react with the acidic oxides (e.g. silica). It is calcium oxide (CaO) produced on heating (calcination) of limestone (CaCO3) to a temperature of 900 de

 Blowing of Oxygen in Converter SteelmakingOxygen (O2) is blown on the hot metal in the converter during steel making for removal of impurities such as carbon (C), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) etc.  A water cooled lance is used to inject oxygen at very high velocities onto a liqu

Factors affecting Lining Life of a Basic Oxygen ConverterThe life, reliability and costs of lining in a basic oxygen converter are vital for the smooth operations of the steel melting shop utilizing basic oxygen process for steel production.  Higher lining life results into improved availability of

Selection of Coal for inclusion in Coal Blend in Coke MakingBlending of coals is necessary from economical point of view by reducing the percentage of high cost, prime or hard coking coals and replacing it with medium or soft coking coals. In some coke oven plants even a small percentage of non-coki

Technologies for Improving Blast Furnace Operating PerformanceA blast furnace (BF) is an investment in the future. Hence it is necessary that there is the proper dimensioning of all equipment, systems and components as well as incorporation of technologies which assure the desired production and qua

Oxygen Blowing Lance and its Role in Basic Oxygen Furnace In the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel making a water-cooled lance is used for injecting a high velocity (super-sonic) stream of oxygen onto the liquid bath for its refining. The velocity or momentum of the oxygen jet results in the penetrat

Materials needed for Steel Production in Basic Oxygen FurnaceThe following types of materials are needed for the production of liquid steel in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking process (Fig 1).Basic raw materials such as hot metal, scrap, and lime etc.Secondary raw materials such as deoxidi